Our study investigating the expression of adiponectin receptors in human diabetic kidneys demonstrated significantly decreased expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, even at an early stage of CKD, that was maintained throughout the progression of CKD stages compared to that of non-diabetic kidneys, and this down-regulation of adiponectin receptors might be in part due to the increased insulin resistance in diabetes [24,25]. The gene discussed is ADIPOR1; the disease is chronic kidney disease.