Moreover, consistent with the western blot analysis, rhododendrin treatment increased RNF146 expression in TH-positive dopamine neurons in both 6-OHDA injection group and vehicle injection control group as determined by immunofluorescence (Supplementary Figure S3A,B) Taken together, our in vivo experiments demonstrated RNF146 expression and dopaminergic neuroprotective function by rhododendrin treatment in PD mouse models. This evidence concerns the gene RNF146 and Parkinson disease.