TGFB1 and parasitic infectious disease: Studies with parasitic infections in vertebrates showed that TGF-β family members are responsible not only for regulating initial pro-inflammatory and late anti-inflammatory responses (Vodovotz et al., 2004), but are also involved in repressing inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, stability and activity in different cell types through mechanisms that were not fully understood (Berg et al., 2007; Aleman-Muench and Soldevila, 2012).