BDNF and Cognitive impairment: Given the clinical evidence supporting antiseizure effects of Mozart music in patients with epilepsy (28, 33, 35–42, 83), and preclinical evidence that the Mozart music can upregulate expression of BDNF in the rat hippocampus and reduce cognitive impairment in status epilepticus model in rats (54, 84, 85), our findings warrant further investigation in other models of epilepsy and epileptogenesis.