Gene-set enrichment analysis of hallmarks of cancer pathways has shown that several important pathways are upregulated in response to SK1/SK2 KD, most notably KRAS, IL2/STAT5, EMT and TNF/NFκB (SK1 KD) and EMT, G2/M and E2F (SK2 KD) (Tables 1–4). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and cancer.