ALDH1A1 and cancer: In addition, we focused on the identification of the mechanisms involved in the anticancer action of T. vulgaris in mammary carcinogenesis including representative well-validated parameters of apoptosis (caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2), proliferation (Ki67), angiogenesis (VEGF, VEGFR-2), oxidative damage (MDA), cancer stem cells (CD24, CD44, ALDH1A1, EpCam), and epigenetics (metylathion status of selected gene promoters, histone chemical modifications, and miRNA expressions).