Importantly, we showed that IL-21-induced granzyme B responses were defective in cells from STAT3-deficient AD-HIES patients, which could relate to the recurrent infections that occur in these individuals, including with S. aureus (Freeman and Holland, 2008; Holland et al., 2007), and furthermore, AD-HIES neutrophils had defective IL-21-induced MRSA cytotoxic activity in vitro. This evidence concerns the gene IL21 and Alzheimer disease.