ADCYAP1 and Crohn ileitis: Given that T. gondii induced ileitis is initiated and further worsened by TLR-4 dependent signaling of bacterial LPS originating from the cell walls of Gram-negative commensals including enterobacteria such as E. coli accumulating in the inflamed ileal lumen (46, 47), alleviation of the TLR-4 dependent scenario constitutes a mechanistic corner stone of the multi-facetted “health-beneficial actions” of PACAP treatment.