Immune checkpoint inhibitors directed against CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1 have recently demonstrated a therapeutic benefit in various solid tumors (e.g., melanoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, NSCLC, etc.)and lymphoid malignancies (26–31). Here, CD274 is linked to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.