Since osteoarthritis progression goes along with the activation of chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts which release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α or Interleukin (IL)-6, the authors studied first the metabolic activity of chondrocytes treated with dPGS, its cellular uptake with fluorescently-labeled dPGS (dPGS-ICC), and the influence on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines [39]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and osteoarthritis.