TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Consistently, the ccf-DNA (ccf-DNA #1 and ccf-DNA #2) from two independent patients with type 2 diabetes showed significantly higher IL-1β and IL-18 secretion in response to poly(dA:dT) as compared with the vehicle control (Figure 4B), whereas the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α was unchanged (Figure 4B).