In contrast, the ccf-DNA (ccf-DNA #1 and ccf-DNA #2) had no effect on the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in response to ATP (a NLRP3 inflammasome activator), or flagellin, (a NLRC4 inflammasome activator), or muramyldipeptide (MDP), (a NLRP1 inflammasome activator) as shown in Figure 4C. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ccf-DNA from type 2 diabetes promoted the formation of ASC specks, which is required for NLRP3-dependent caspase-1 activation [7]. The gene discussed is NLRP1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.