CD4 and neoplasm: Although TGF-β might also be expected to reduce the regulatory CD4+ T cells (Tregs) cell population [11,54], our data suggest that the numbers of Tregs are not strongly affected by LY364947 and therefore future investigations are warranted to reveal the subsets of CD4 T cells that are affected by the TGF-β inhibitor as this would guide the development of therapeutic strategies to target specific tumor-promoting CD4+ T cells in pancreatic tumors.