Moreover, after intrathecal MSC injections, the cerebrospinal fluid (CFS) levels of IL-10, TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and IL-6 increased compared with the baseline, while monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which exacerbates the motor neuron injury in ALS, was reduced and may indicate a beneficial effect on immune response in ALS patients [71]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.