Expression of lysozyme and PPO in the Glanville fritillary butterfly was not up-regulated 24 h after injection with M. luteus cells (Woestmann et al., 2017), whilst in the silkworm, up-regulation of lysozyme in response to fungal infection occurred in two peaks, from 9 to 18 h, and then between 30 and 48 h (Hou et al., 2014). Here, PPOX is linked to fungal infectious disease.