Interestingly, the IRF9, STAT1, STA3, and NF-κB can bind to promoter region of Nos2 gene and induce its transcription during Listeria monocytogenes infection (Farlik et al., 2010), suggesting both direct and indirect routes for miR-302d regulation of Nos2 expression. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is listeriosis.