CXCL1 and infection: The levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-1β, IL-13, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12 and the chemokine RANTES/CCL5 did not changed after 4 and 24 h of infection, whereas IL-1α (2-fold), IL-10 (5-fold), MIP-2/CXCL2 (8-fold), and KC/CXCL1 (4-fold) showed decreased levels after 24 h of infection compared to those in uninfected macrophages (Figure 3).