Literature has shown that LECs directly affect immune cell activity in many different ways, including secretion of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) leading to suppression of dendritic cell (DC) maturation (14); production of IL-7 to increase IL-2 sensitivity in regulatory T cells to increase their immune-regulatory function (15) and to sustain inflammation-induced lymphoid follicles in disease (16); secretion of colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) promoting differentiation, proliferation and survival of macrophages that contribute to tumor growth (17). The gene discussed is CSF1; the disease is neoplasm.