CD163 and coronary atherosclerosis: In previous reports involving HIV-infected and uninfected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), prevalent subclinical coronary atherosclerosis was positively associated with elevated levels of monocyte activation biomarkers—sCD14, sCD163, CCL2 (previously MCP-1)—[18] and other biomarkers of inflammation (IL-6, ICAM-1, and sTNF-αR1 and 2) [19], independent of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.