TNF and sarcoidosis: In sarcoidosis, both cell types are in an activated state and produce spontaneous ex vivo cytokines and chemokines including, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18, and others (Gracie et al., 2003; Müller-Quernheim, 1998; Rastogi et al., 2011; Rolfe et al., 1993).