TNF and sarcoidosis: Activated macrophages, monocytes, and T cells in sarcoidosis produce a plethora of cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, interferon (IFN) gamma, IL-17, and others (Facco et al., 2011; Müller-Quernheim, 1998; Rastogi et al., 2011; Talreja et al., 2016).