These alterations were further confirmed at the protein level by western blot (Fig. 5B,C); PNS prevented the diabetes‐induced down‐regulation of the expression of the IRS1–PI3K–AKT signaling pathway components p‐IRS1, p‐PI3Kp85, p‐AKT and GLUT4, while the total AKT remained unchanged. This evidence concerns the gene IRS1 and diabetes mellitus.