Therefore, the activation of AMP kinases contributes to various pharmacological effects of berberine, including improvement of insulin action [32], lowering of blood lipid [34], reduction in atherosclerosis [35], stimulation of blood glucose uptake [36], combating aging and aging-related diseases [37], suppression of neuro-inflammatory responses [38], and inhibition of the metastatic potential of melanoma cells [39]. Here, INS is linked to atherosclerosis.