SMAD5 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Caruso et al. (2012) demonstrated that the reduction of miR-145 protected against the development of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) in mice by targeting SMAD4 and SMAD5. On the contrary, Lovren et al. (2012) have recently reported that miR-145-treated mice showed a 60% reduction in plaque size and reduced macrophage infiltration by targeting KLF4, providing support for our findings that miR-145 reduced atherosclerosis.