TNF and acute kidney injury: To test whether the reduction of P65 NF-κB expression was involved in the protective effects of EVO against AKI, the expression of P65 NF-κB was upregulated in NRK-52E cells using pCMV-P65 NF-κB. As shown in Figures 4(c) and 4(d), EVO-induced reduction of TNFα and IL-1β expression was blocked by overexpression of P65 NF-κB. Moreover, the increase of cell viability in LPS-treated cells induced by EVO was remarkably suppressed by overexpression of P65 NF-κB (Figure 4(e)).