BRAF and melanoma: These new therapeutic modalities were developed in parallel with targeted MAPK pathway inhibitor therapies, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib, approved for a subset of melanomas bearing point mutations in the kinase BRAF (e.g., BRAFV600E), and the MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib, all designed to cause cancer cell death via interruption of the MAPK pathway (Table 1).