TNF and Alzheimer disease: In an AD model obtained by ICV injection of STZ in rats, icariside II (10 mg/kg for 21 days) reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2, TGF-b1 by preventing the degradation of IkB-α and NFK-B p65 phosphorylation (Yin et al., 2016).