Several studies from our laboratory and elsewhere have revealed multidimensional roles for HE4 in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer, including the promotion of tumor growth, chemoresistance, anti-estrogen resistance, invasion, migration, and adhesion (Lu et al., 2012; Zhuang et al., 2013, 2014; Zhu et al., 2013, 2016; Lokich et al., 2014; Moore et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Ribeiro et al., 2016; Lee et al., 2017). This evidence concerns the gene WFDC2 and ovarian cancer.