More recently, additional reactive astrocyte markers have been described, such as lipocalin-2 (Lcn-2), an acute phase protein (Lee et al., 2009), overexpressed by reactive astrocytes induced not only by ischemic stroke and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure (Zamanian et al., 2012), but also by inflammation and excitotoxicity (Chia et al., 2011); and Serpin3n, a serine protease inhibitor (Zamanian et al., 2012), that was already reported to have its levels increased after injury in the rat facial and hypoglossal nuclei (Gesase and Kiyama, 2007). The gene discussed is LCN2; the disease is ischemic stroke.