Indeed, expression of TLR4 and TLR9 and also that of pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor signaling pathways and the inflammasome components nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), and NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain 6 (NLRP6) was upregulated in IECs from tumor-bearing Rnf5−/− mice (Fig. 2c), not naive Rnf5−/− mice (Supplementary Figure 2E). Here, TLR4 is linked to neoplasm.