Tumors arising from YUMM1.3, YUMM1.5, and YUMM1.9 cells (all BrafV600E:Pten−/−:Cdkn2a−/−)12, or B16F10 melanoma cells, or from shRNF5-expressing YUMM1.3 cells, all grew to the same extent over the first week followed by slower growth resulting in significantly smaller tumors in Rnf5−/− compared with wild-type (WT) mice (Fig. 1a; Supplementary Figure 1A). Here, PTEN is linked to melanoma.