TNF and infectious otitis media: The pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (Fig. 5d) and TNFα (Fig. 5e) were significantly increased in the cortex of TGFβR2wt/wt AOM-treated mice when compared to vehicle-treated TGFβR2wt/wt mice, with TGFβR2ΔNeu AOM-treated mice having no significant increase of either cytokine compared to TGFβR2wt/wt vehicle-treated mice.