LEP and metabolic syndrome: The mechanisms of catch-up investigated after growth restriction showed alterations of central leptin signal and energy homeostasis, with increased resistance to leptin and to IGFs in children born small for gestational age.69, 70 During childhood, markers of cardiovascular risk, such as adiposity and leptin, were correlated.71 In adults who were growth-restricted newborns or preterm, markers of metabolic syndrome were detected, and insulin was associated with elevated blood pressure and triglycerides, and subsequent catch-up growth.72, 73