Such results indicated that the nanoparticles were able to change the TME from an immunosuppressive Th‐2 phenotype to an immunostimulatory Th‐1 phenotype.188 Similarly, a liposome‐protamine‐DNA nanoparticle was generated to codeliver a PD‐L1 trap‐encoded plasmid DNA and oxaliplatin,189 or plasmid DNAs encoding for both CXCL12 and PD‐L1 traps.190, 191 The combination therapies modulated the TME and facilitated tumor‐specific killing. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.