For example, combined PD‐1 and CTLA‐4 blockades significantly improved the median progression‐free survival of monotherapy in patients with metastatic melanoma; at the same time, it increased the incidence of grade 3 or 4 treatment‐related adverse events from 16.3% for aPD‐1 and 27.3% for aCTLA‐4 to 55.0%.204 As nanoparticles have shown better activation for dendritic cells and T cells by costimulation of multiple signaling pathways, the translation of nano‐/microapproaches needs careful assessment of their toxicity. The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is metastatic melanoma.