CXCL12 and neoplasm: Such results indicated that the nanoparticles were able to change the TME from an immunosuppressive Th‐2 phenotype to an immunostimulatory Th‐1 phenotype.188 Similarly, a liposome‐protamine‐DNA nanoparticle was generated to codeliver a PD‐L1 trap‐encoded plasmid DNA and oxaliplatin,189 or plasmid DNAs encoding for both CXCL12 and PD‐L1 traps.190, 191 The combination therapies modulated the TME and facilitated tumor‐specific killing.