CCL2 and colitis: Similarly, high levels of various chemokines such as chemokine (CXC motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), CXCL9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) led to an accumulation of cytotoxic macrophage in colitis-induced colons, while MSC-EVs could reduce these proinflammatory cytokines and macrophage-mediated tissue damage [68].