HCRT and Cognitive impairment: These included data from humans of both genders, younger and older subjects, young subjects after alcohol consumption, and older subjects with mild cognitive impairment; from standard experimental rats and mice (wildtype and transgenic hypocretin neuron-ablated), and recordings examining the effects of various pharmacological interventions, such as alcohol, muscimol-inactivation of medulla, caffeine, zolpidem, almorexant and placebo/vehicle; and from pigeons.