PPARA and cholestasis: FXR ligands have been reported to improve hepatic steatosis as well as cholestasis, hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, and insulin resistance through inhibition of lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis in rodent models.(6,20,21,23) The present study demonstrated that FXR activation by the natural ligand, CDCA, and by synthetic ligands, OCA and GW4064, significantly attenuated TG accumulation in a human fatty liver model through stimulation of the FXR-PPARα pathway.