MIF and colonic neoplasm: MIF is a pleiotropic cytokine that is overexpressed in a number of solid tumours, including breast, prostate and colon cancers.28 PAI‐1 initiates several events that promote cancer; clinically, increased levels of PAI‐1 in colon cancer epithelia are associated with increased metastasis.29 IL‐8, an important pro‐inflammatory chemokine, has been shown to modulate endothelial cell migration and promote angiogenesis, tumourigenesis and metastasis.30, 31