TLR4 and Insulin resistance: The so-called metabolic endotoxemia was firstly described in mice (87, 88) and defined as increased plasma levels of LPS, which are first bound by CD14 (cluster of differentiation 14), then recognized by the Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and thereafter, the formed LPS/CD14/TLR4 complex is taken up into chylomicrons, promoting systemic inflammation and subsequently inducing insulin resistance (2, 75, 89).