The addition of both Pirfenidone (PIRF, 0.1 μg/ml) (Figure 4C), an inhibitor of TGF-β release (Terlizzi et al., 2018b), and Nintedanib (10 nM) (Figure 4D), a small molecule able to inhibit tyrosine kinase cascade (Terlizzi et al., 2018b), significantly decreased IL-1α levels from COPD-derived PBMCs treated with dA:dT. This evidence concerns the gene IL1A and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.