CCL2 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Another study showed that premalignant lesions secrete many proinflammatory mediators, such as CCL5 (also known as RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) compared to HNSCC cells, suggesting the premalignant microenvironment to be more immune stimulatory than the microenvironment of an established HNSCC [210].