CR1 and prostate carcinoma: In prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines with mesenchymal characteristics (22Rv1/CR-1; Mes-PCa), TMVs were found to promote and maintain mesenchymal features in the recipient epithelium-like prostate cancer cells, modulating androgen receptor signaling and activating transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway in the meantime.