MIF and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: More recently, the uptake of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-derived EVs by Kupffer cells (liver macrophages) was reported to cause TGF-β secretion and upregulation of fibronectin production by hepatic stellate cells, leading to an enhanced recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages through macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), whose association with EVs correlated with liver metastasis occurrence and disease progression [83].