The activated neutrophil-derived exosomes could bind and degrade ECM via the integrin Mac-1 and surface-bound neutrophil elastase (NE), respectively, thus causing the hallmarks of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) [43] (Fig. 1e). This evidence concerns the gene ELANE and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.