Comparing GDM and control group, GDM neonates showed a significant reduction of both total renal and cortical volumes (Table 4a) and a significant increase of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and cathepsin B activities (Table 4b), whereas levels of albumin and β2-microglobulin were unchanged (Table 4b). This evidence concerns the gene HLA-G and gestational diabetes.