GDNF and congenital anomaly of kidney and urinary tract: Finally, our finding that increased GDNF levels due to disruption of its 3′UTR function - not mutations in GDNF or in its receptor protein encoding sequences20,22,52,53 - result in phenotype homologous to human CAKUT and infertility, may be clinically informative because despite of the advances in sequencing techniques, the disease causing mutation remains unknown in most patients suffering from CAKUT and infertility2,54.