CD4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Another recent study by the Zippelius group is an additional demonstration of the rethinking of the meaning of T cell exhaustion/dysfunction in NSCLC, demonstrating that NSCLC TIL populations coexpressing several ICPs are highly clonal with a predominance of TCRs resulting from their antigen-driven expansion, that these secrete high levels of chemokines recruiting B cell and CD4+ helper cells into tumors, but most importantly, that this population is a strong predictor of robust responses to immunotherapy and overall survival [45].