EGFR and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In those examples above of successful clinical trials (for example, trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer [140, 141] (Fig 1A), erlotinib and gefitinib in non-small-cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations [142, 143] (Fig 1B), imatinib in Bcr-abl1-fusion-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia [144–146] (Fig 2A), and vemurafenib and dabrafenib in advanced-stage melanoma with B-RafV600E mutation [147] (Fig 2B and 2C)), there was no conflict between the essence of the trials and the definition of precision oncology.