Other studies showed no effect of lycopene on IGF-I, IGF-II or IGFBP-3 in patients with colorectal cancer (Vrieling et al., 2007), no effect on IGF-I in breast cancer patients (Voskuil et al., 2008) and no effects on IGF-I in healthy participants (Riso et al., 2006). Here, IGF2 is linked to breast cancer.