VEGFA and neoplasm: In turn, osteoblasts produce growth factors such as IL‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that further stimulate tumor growth.31 More recent studies revealed that cancer cells also interact with other cells in the bone/bone marrow microenvironment, including osteocytes, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells.