Chronic hyperglycemia, the major cause of diabetes-related complications [32], has also been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of DM-induced inflammation in the liver [33], and the up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has been observed in both animal models and patients with diabetes [34]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetes mellitus.