TNF and cancer: Since it was demonstrated that TNF-β, as cytokine, induced the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HCT116 cells [13], we further investigated whether TNF-β was able to stimulate the formation of CSCs in HCT116, SW480, and RKO cells like TNF-α in 3D alginate cultures and whether resveratrol could modulate the formation of these CSCs.