CD4 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: The present experiments showed that koumine could inhibit the immune response and the secretion of Th1- and Th17-type cytokines in CD4+ T lymphocytes, increase the level of Th2 type cytokines, and regulate the cytokine network, suggesting that koumine has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects, and the anti-NAFLD effect of koumine may also be mediated by its immunomodulatory action.