However, further biological pathways (i.e., gonadal steroids, amyloid beta, mitochondrial function, leptin/ghrelin system), psychiatric states (i.e., depression, PTSD), and behavioral patterns (i.e., substance abuse, physical exercise, nutrition) could also play an important role in the mediation of the overall biological risk after ELS/CT and should be better investigated. The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is substance abuse.